The Renaissance, beginning in 14th-century Florence, spurred Europe from the Middle Ages to modernity. It emphasized human responsibility in shaping society, enriching literature, art, and science. Originating in Italy, fueled by prosperous city-states like Genoa and Venice, it marked a cultural revolution, stressing observation and international diplomacy. The term "Renaissance" was coined by Jules Michelet in 1855, highlighting a pivotal era of profound change.